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Now showing items 101-200 of 712
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Nordic Studies in Education. 2015, 34 (03-04): https://www.idunn.no/np/2015/03-04/
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2017)
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2015)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2017)
This article explores an international week in a Norwegian primary school from the perspective of the different participants. Such international weeks are typically organized in connection with the United Nations Day, to ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2016)
Assessment of ICT Literacy. A comprehensive inquiry of the educational readiness for the digital era
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2016)
This dissertation is concerned with assessment of primary and secondary students’ information, communication and technology (ICT) literacy. The overarching aim of the dissertation is to investigate the positions and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Teachers’ self-efficacy is an important motivational construct that is positively related to a variety of outcomes for both the teachers and their students. This study addresses challenges associated with the commonly used ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2024)
This article-based PhD study adopts a post-digital perspective, implying that we have progressed beyond the stage of integrating technology and now reside in a digitally infused society. Digital tools have become commonplace ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2018)
A large body of literature suggests that attitudes toward technology and its educational use are important determinants of technology acceptance and integration in classrooms. At the same time, teachers' Technological, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
In this article, we examine teachers’ use of knowledge sources in meetings where they discuss and formulate initiatives and solutions to develop existing teaching practice based on national test results. While practices ...
(Book / Bok / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) er en internasjonal studie i matematikk og naturfag for grunnskolen, som fra og med 1995 har blitt gjennomført hvert fjerde år. Norge har deltatt hver gang ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2018)
This study was conducted at the university of Oslo Department of Teacher Education and School Research. The thesis focusses on science education and particularly learner-active involvement in science learning. It aims to ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Undervisningskvalitet måles og analyseres i dette kapitlet gjennom de fire dimensjonene 1) god klasseromsledelse, 2) støttende lærer, 3) tydelige intensjoner og 4) faglige/kognitive utfordringer. Data hentes fra ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
I artikkelen diskuteres hva som kjennetegner en profesjonell lærerutdanning. I internasjonal forskning om profesjonsutdanning, er forholdet mellom de tre aristoteliske kunnskapsformene episteme, techne og fronesis satt på ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2015)
This study investigates school leadership in innovative work in the context of school development processes in Norway. The aim of the study is to develop new insight into the complexities involved and the functions of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
This study examined the activation of teachers’ tacit knowledge of reading comprehension strategy instruction as part of a teacher professional development course. Although studies have examined professional development ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
I internasjonal forskning ser vi en økende interesse for den aristoteliske kunnskapsformen fronesis, praktisk klokskap, når det gjelder utvikling av profesjonalitet i ulike utdanningskontekster. I artikkelen blir fronesis ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Worldwide, teacher educators and policymakers call for teacher preparation that is more deeply linked to practice. Yet, we know little about how such linkages are achieved within different international programs. We examine ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2014)
This thesis on school literacy focuses on how students employ different texts within classroom contexts. Based on a methodological, analytical, and theoretical foundation in New Literacy Studies (NLS), it explores how ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Denne artikkelen utforsker hvilke forståelser av skjønnlitteratur og sakprosa elever kan utvikle gjennom oppgavene i lærebøker i norsk. Dette blir undersøkt gjennom en kvalitativ innholdsanalyse av 1943 oppgaver fra tre ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Når elever skriver tekster i norskfaget, får de ofte skriftlige tilbakemeldinger fra norsklærer. Responsforskning viser at elevene i stor grad leser og verdsetter slike tilbakemeldinger, men at noen typer tilbakemeldinger ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This article reports on the findings from a literature review of research on data use in education published in English, German and Scandinavian languages. The review is inspired by methods for systematic mapping. The ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / Published version; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Denne artikkelen handler om hvordan elever på ungdomstrinnet forstår og bruker skriftlige lærerkommentarer på heldagsprøvebesvarelser i norsk. Slike kommentarer gis ofte på sluttprodukter. I vurderingsforskning antas ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2017)
Denne avhandlingens formål er å undersøke hvordan elever på ungdomstrinnet forstår og bruker skriftlige lærerkommentarer de får på tekster de skriver i norskfaget. Avhandlingen er artikkelbasert og består av tre artikler ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2013)
Betydningen av at lærere utvikler kunnskap og holder seg faglig oppdatert, omtales som særlig viktig når det gjelder å bidra til elevenes læring. Denne avhandlingen søker å bidra med innsikt i og forståelse av hvordan ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
To stimulate individualised learning and give students some autonomy and responsibility in relation to their own schoolwork, Norwegian teachers often use work plans as an instructional tool. A work plan is a document that ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
In school settings, self-control is central to the ability of learners to complete their academic work successfully. Learners’ self-control is directly influenced by the ways in which educators execute their work, including ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Studies have shown that school leaders are important in work with large-scale policy reforms in schools. However, the issue of how school leaders and teachers discuss and enact policy is under-studied. This article explores ...
The impact of prospective teachers’ perceived competence on subsequent perceptions as schoolteachers
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This longitudinal study examines connections between 110 teachers’ perceived professional competence acquired during professional preparation and later perceptions as schoolteachers in Norway. The results indicate that ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The duration of on-campus academic engagements is an uncertain and highly debated indicator of study input. Researchers adopt this indicator with the expectation that student teachers must invest an amount of time and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Grønne greier. Om natur og miljø og sånn (2018) av miljøjournalist Ole Mathismoen og illustratør Jenny Jordahl er en samling ensides tegneserier fra Aftenposten junior der karakterene Ole og Jenny samtaler om ulike temaer ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Although teacher educators may perceive their program and courses to be coherent, the question remains to what extent student teachers also are able to perceive the linkages within their programs. Coherence within teacher ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
De norske PISA-resultatene i 2015 viste en framgang i lesing for norske 15-åringere, men andelen elever på det laveste nivået var fortsatt uendret. Denne artikkelen studerer de norske elevene i denne kategorien når det ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Samarbeid mellom universitet/høgskole og skole om lærerutdanning har som ideell målsetting å utvikle studentenes lærerprofesjonalitet. En forutsetning for slik profesjonalitet er å kunne forholde seg til og bruke ulike ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Technology has become an ever-present factor in virtually every contemporary situation, and digital media has gained a significant role in the lives of young people. This article explores and compares the antecedents for ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The provision for every pupil in schools of 1:1 digital devices such as tablets and laptops is claimed to offer a range of benefits, both practical and educational. Opinions are still divided as to whether the benefits for ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Developing students’ digital skills and self-confidence in their ability to purposefully use online learning opportunities is considered important for achieving educational objectives. This study empirically explores ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This study examines teaching evaluation based on student feedback which is intended to contribute to teachers’ professional development. Although studies have highlighted that teaching evaluation is a potential source of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Education for sustainable development as presented by UNESCO involves a value dimension which is both pivotal and problematic. Pivotal, because values concern what matters to beings, problematic because the values brought ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / SubmittedVersion, 2015)
ProTed utvikler integrerte studiedesign som ivaretar lærerstudentenes profesjonslæring i lærerutdanningen. I dette kapitlet viser vi hvordan man kan jobbe med integrasjon innad i et fag, ved å presentere arbeidet med en ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
The present study examines English use and needs in Norwegian government ministries and how these are reflected in ministerial job advertisements. It builds on a survey of 846 ministerial staff by Hellekjær (2010), and a ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Students' perceptions of instructional quality are among the most important criteria for evaluating teaching effectiveness. The present study evaluates different latent variable modeling approaches (confirmatory factor ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2010)
Background
The Psychiatric Out-Patient Experiences Questionnaire (POPEQ) is an 11-item core measure of psychiatric out-patients experiences of the perceived outcome of the treatment, the quality of interaction ...
The Relations Among School Climate, Instructional Quality, and Achievement Motivation in Mathematics
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Instructional quality is considered to be an important classroom variable, as it is significantly related to student achievement and motivation in mathematics. Existing studies in educational effectiveness furthermore ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
Artikkelen analyserer revidert studieplan for profesjonsstudiet i medisin ved Universitetet i Tromsø, Norges arktiske universitet. Vi spør i hvilken grad og på hvilken måte den nye studieplanen ivaretar profesjonalitet. ...
(Book / Bok / PublishedVersion, 2007)
I artikkelsamlingen kan du lese om pedagogiske endringer i krysningspunktet mellom teknologi, organisering og læring. Du finner artikler fra en rekke ulike fagmiljøer som beskriver prosjekter av mange ulike slag. Erfaringene ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
This paper reports on a case study of the teacher's role as facilitator in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) settings in science. In naturalistic classroom settings, the teacher most often acts as an important ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Both civil society in China and research on Chinese civil society have developed profoundly over the last three decades. Research on Chinese civil society can be classified into two categories: a structure-oriented approach ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
Prosesskvalitet handler om kvaliteten på læringsprosessen, og er det aspektet ved utdanningskvalitet som er av størst betydning for studentenes læring. Imidlertid er det mangel på etablerte indikatorer for prosesskvalitet. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
I artikkelen argumenteres det for at studenter i norsk høyere utdanning aktivt må forberedes for et arbeidsliv hvor de vil trenge det som kalles en dobbel kompetanse, dvs. en akademisk grad i kombinasjon med avanserte, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
One major concern relating to teaching scientific inquiry is that many teachers show epistemologically naive beliefs about nature of science (NOS). In this study, we use in-depth interviews to identify an upper secondary ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2012)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2013)
There has been debate on the re-use of qualitative data in the social sciences for more than a decade now. However, video data are rarely explicitly discussed in this regard, even though new media pose both new opportunities ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
This article provides an introduction to what it means to adopt a view of literacy as social practice for science education. This view of literacy builds on the idea that reading and writing are best regarded as situated ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2016)
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2013)
English is the language of international communication, and the status of English is increasingly characterised by speakers who use it as a second or later language (L2). In Norway there is considerable English language ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2016)
Avhandlingen er skrevet innenfor feltet pedagogikk, med fokus på veiledning av lærere som er i begynnelsen av sin karriere. Det overgripende målet for avhandlingen er å bidra til økt innsikt i tematikken hva kan bidra til ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This study analyses reading proficiency, strategy use, and interest in English as the second language (L2) of 463 upper secondary students (16/17-year-olds). They were identified among a national sample of 10,331 students ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2014)
The present study examines why businesses and government ministries use and need occupational second foreign language (L3) skills, but fail to mention these in job advertisements. It contrasts data from two quantitative ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2019)
This thesis comprises three articles and investigates students’ perceptions concerning the theme of democracy and politics in social studies in upper secondary school in Norway. It uses a multiple methods approach to study ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
I dette kapitlet analyserer jeg tekster som 16-17 år gamle elever i norsk videregående skole har skrevet i etterkant av et samfunnsfagprosjekt om bærekraftig utvikling. Tekstene er analysert med tanke på hva slags forståelser ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http://ijebcm.brookes.ac.uk/
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The act of newly qualified teachers leaving the profession is a growing challenge, both in Norway and internationally. To address recruitment difficulties, there is a need for further knowledge of prospective teachers’ ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This paper contrasts students’ perceptions of feedback practices on written texts and their utilization of the feedback against formative assessment pedagogy. It uses observations of nine lessons of English writing in ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This qualitative study reports on teachers’ (formative) feedback practices in writing instruction. Observations and interviews were used to collect data from ten upper-secondary teachers of English as a Foreign Language ...
(Book / Bok / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Norsk ungdom vokser opp i et av verdens rikeste, lykkeligste og mest egalitære land. Samtidig vet de at mange i verden lider. Hvordan skal de føle, tenke og handle i møte med verdens urettferdige fordeling av goder?
I ...
(Book / Bok / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Like muligheter til god leseforståelse? 20 år med lesing i PISA presenterer forskning basert på PISA-undersøkelsen 2018. Hovedresultatene fra undersøkelsen ble presentert i en kortrapport i desember 2019, og denne antologien ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of coding and observation manuals in classroom studies. While observation manuals have been a part of the methodological toolkit for measuring various aspects of instruction for ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The implementation of mathematical competencies in school curricula requires assessment instruments to be aligned with this new view on mathematical mastery. However, there are concerns over whether existing assessments ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Despite its rich learning potential, outdoor science activities are challenging to integrate in classroom teaching. Therefore, this paper synthesizes theory, findings and experiences from 20 years of research – and development ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2015)
There is growing research interest in school inspection throughout Europe; however, there have been few comparative studies between Swedish and Norwegian school inspectorates. Such a study is necessary since little is known ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Worldwide, teacher educators and policy makers have called for teacher preparation that is more deeply linked to practice. Yet we know little about how such linkages are achieved within different international programs. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2017)
In light of a growing emphasis on student-centred learning approaches, feedback is viewed as an activity that has potential to facilitate higher education students’ explorations of knowledge contents and practices. However, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Living in complex knowledge societies requires citizens who master multiple literacies involving both cognitive and social skills. Thus, all individuals should be offered relevant educational opportunities and teachers ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
The research question addressed in this paper is: How do the activities of writing mediate knowledge of writing, disciplinary knowledge, and professional knowledge as intertwined sites of learning? To conceptualise the ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2016)
Denne avhandlinga har sidemålsopplæring på nynorsk i vidaregåande trinn som emne og høyrer til under fagfeltet norskdidaktikk. Monografien undersøker og dokumenter korleis nynorsk som bruksspråk kan fungere som innfallsvinkel ...
(Doctoral thesis / Doktoravhandling, 2018)
Formålet med denne avhandlingen i norsk fagdidaktikk er å undersøke norsklæreres vurderings- og særlig tilbakemeldingspraksis i lys av Vurdering for læring (VfL)-teori. Overordnet forskningsspørsmål er: Hva kjennetegner ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
(Book / Bok / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This edited volume presents 30 years of English didactics research (1988-2017) in Norway. As a collection of chapters, each representing a doctoral study, the book is a complete overview of all doctoral research within the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2012)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The study of gender differences in academic achievement has been one of the core topics in education, especially because it may uncover possible gaps and inequalities in certain domains. Whereas these differences have ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This meta-analysis synthesized the relation between measures of socioeconomic status (SES) and students' information and communication technology (ICT) literacy—a skillset that has found its way in educational curricula. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The aim of this study is to establish an in-depth understanding of how art and design teacher educators (TEs) develop digital competences in teacher training institutions in Uganda. The study utilizes perspectives from Jan ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Group coaching is emerging as an approach with a strong potential for developing leadership competencies. However, there is little research on its use in the professional training of school leaders. In this study, we ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The purposes of this study are to examine the relation between playing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) games in the wild and L2 English vocabulary and to offer comparisons with non-gamers’ vocabulary. Data were collected ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / SubmittedVersion, 2018)
The purpose of this study was to validate a new inventory designed to measure epistemic beliefs concerning the justification of knowledge claims encountered on the Internet. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scores of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Recent studies have demonstrated how teachers can draw on students' multilingual resources in teaching English writing, even in monolingually oriented policy settings. However, limited research has been conducted outside ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Modern society requires people with positive attitudes toward science and who have science-related competences. This article will focus on Nordic students’ enjoyment in learning science, their self-efficacy in solving ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
In this article, I investigate poetry written by two young Muslim people during their spare time. Adopting Shahab Ahmed’s (2016) understanding of Islamic in its plenitude and complexity, I ask how Islamic their texts are. ...
Re-theorizing civil society in China: Agency and the discursive politics of civil society engagement
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Scholarship on Chinese civil society has produced rich empirical studies, but there have been few attempts to theorize the empirical knowledge acquired. Moreover, the question of how to conceptualize the political agency ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
In this chapter, central ideas of Mixed Methods Research are presentedin which qualitative and quantitative research methods are combined or integrated.In addition to the explanation of common Mixed Methods terminology, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Socio-political, environmental, cultural, and digital changes require literacies that will be crucial for facing complex challenges. This article contributes to a notion of digital literacies as agentic and transformative ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
State school inspection in Norway has undergone multiple reform initiatives from the state level, a system predominantly aimed at controlling legal compliance of school districts and individual schools. Rather than focusing ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
During the past two decades, rhetoric has been included in the national curricula in all the Scandinavian countries. However, it is not unproblematic to take an academic discipline out of its historical context and integrate ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Observation systems are increasingly used around the world for a variety of purposes; 2 critical purposes are to understand and to improve teaching. As observation systems differ considerably, individuals must decide what ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
To support pupils’ learning, teachers must understand what and how their pupils have learned, and teacher education should teach candidates how to do this. This article reports on survey data (n = 270) from three programmes ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Teacher educators and policymakers worldwide have called for a practice-based teacher education. However, the body of research on teacher education is limited, as is the knowledge about practice-based teacher education. ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)