Mapping timing and intensity strategies in drum-kit performance of a simple back-beat pattern

Abstract

In this article, we explore the various ways in which drummers express a simple ‘backbeat’ pattern when asked to play with different timing styles (laid-back, on-beat, pushed) via manipulation of stroke onset and intensity features. Based on hierarchical clustering analyses and phylogenetic tree visualizations, we found three main strategies used to distinguish pushed/laid-back from on-the-beat performances: (1) strong ‘general earliness/lateness’ strategies, where most instruments are consistently played earlier/later in time relative to a metrical grid; (2) subtler ‘early/late flam’ strategies, where most instruments are played synchronously with the grid but at least one instrument is distinctively played as an early/late flam ; and (3) even subtler ‘ambiguously early/late compound sound’ strategies, where two instruments form a compound sound, but one is played synchronously with the grid, while the other is played early/late. The majority of drummers used additional consistent intensity strategies, the most common being greater hi-hat or snare intensity, which might enhance the effect of laidback and pushed rhythmic events. However, intensity was not used uniformly to exclusively distinguish laid-back/pushed from on-beat timing.

Mapping timing and intensity strategies in drum-kit performance of a simple back-beat pattern