Altered protein levels in bone marrow lesions of hip osteoarthritis: Analysis by proteomics and multiplex immunoassays

Abstract

Aim To assess tissue level changes of proteome and cytokine profiles of subchondral bone in hip osteoarthritis (OA) affected by bone marrow lesions (BMLs). We compared significant protein level differences in osteoarthritic bone with BMLs to control bone without bone marrow lesions. Methods Subchondral bone biopsies were taken from femoral heads of end‐stage osteoarthritis patients with (BML, n = 21) and without (CON, n = 9) BMLs. Proteins were extracted through a standardized Trizol protocol and used in the subsequent analyses. Angiogenesis and bone markers were assessed using multiplex immunoassays (Luminex). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was performed to detect significant differences in proteome and peptide profiles between BML and CON. Results Multiplex immunoassays revealed increased tissue contents of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF‐A/C/D), endothelin‐1, angiopoietin‐2 and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in bone with BMLs compared to control bone, whereas osteoprotegerin levels were reduced. Mass spectrometry demonstrated pronounced increase in the levels of hemoglobin (73‐fold), serum albumin (30‐fold), alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (9‐fold), apolipoprotein A1 (4.7‐fold), pre‐laminin‐A/C (3.7‐fold) and collagen‐alpha1‐XII (3‐fold) in BMLs, while aggrecan core protein (ACAN) and hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPL1) decreased 37‐ and 29‐fold respectively. Conclusion Reduced osteoprotegerin, ACAN and HAPL1 are consistent with osteoclastic activation and high remodeling activity in BMLs. The pronounced increase in angiogenesis markers, hemoglobin and serum albumin support the presence of increased vascularity in subchondral bone affected by BMLs in OA. VEGFs and IL‐6 are known nociceptive modulators, and increased levels are in keeping with pain being a clinical feature frequently associated with BMLs.