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Now showing items 101-200 of 227
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Epistemic democrats are rightly concerned with the quality of outcomes and judge democratic procedures in terms of their ability to ‘track the truth’. However, their impetus to assess ‘rule by experts’ and ‘rule by the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The strength of solidarity ties among individuals is often discussed in relation to membership within a community of equals. This assumes strong links between reported solidarity actions, political attitudes, and national ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This paper contributes to discussions surrounding interest group representation in the European Parliament. Drawing from conceptualizations of legitimacy, and theoretical work on information-access we argue that different ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Brexit is a high‐stakes political process, but there is still no clear understanding of the political factors that underpin the various affiliation modes that the UK is currently debating. These are treated as quite static ...
Can Brexit Improve Our Understanding of “Wicked Problems”? Reflections on Policy and Political Order
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The main purpose of this article is to improve the wicked problem framework by incorporating the problem of political order, as it appears in the context of Brexit. The first part specifies what is meant by political order ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Community law was established as a meta-legal order to provide a systematic solution to conflicts betweeen national legal orders. Integration, and in particular integration of law, was required to tackle the functional and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Public organizations are compound bodies characterized by competing endogenous dynamics of governance. This study makes two main contributions. First, it contributes to an organizational approach to studies of public policy ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Does the EU’s Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative contribute to global justice? Complementing work that considers distributive justice, in this paper we adopt the central tenets of the republican theory of non-domination as a ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Although not a member of the EU, Norway is deeply affected by European integration, owing to its participation, since 1994, in the EEA Agreement which made Norway a full participant in EU’s internal market. Norway’s ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This study questions the traditional story of the detachment and independence of expert bodies such as agencies, central banks and expert committees. It shows that there are numerous institutional links with elected bodies ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
This study traces the claims of a ‘scientization’ and a ‘participatory turn’ in modern governance within the system of temporary policy advisory committees in Norway. It analyzes whether there is evidence of the two claims ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
In the fight against climate change, renewable energy has been subsidised in many countries. With the costs passed onto consumers, governments are paying those, for example, who instal domestic solar panels on top of their ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This article examines government agencies facing choice architectures that are multiple, overlapping, ambiguous, and sometimes incompatible—in short: turbulent. It makes two contributions: First, two conceptual images of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
The contribution of this study is two-fold: First, it outlines a conceptual framework on political order; and secondly, it offers empirical illustrations on the case of Nordic cooperation. Taken together, the article makes ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This article considers established metrics for smart city development and evaluates their suitability for implementation in Arctic urban settlements. To do this, the article first surveys smart city literature and the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
To what extent has Brexit affected Norwegians’ perceptions of their current relationship with the EU? What are the considerations that central political and societal actors bring up to explain their stances? What are the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
The European Union seeks to adjust its external policies to the shifting challenges of the international order. As part of this adjustment, the European Commission headed by Ursula von der Leyen embarked on a mission to ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
A key claim in bureaucratic reputation literature is that reputation has several dimensions. This presents agencies with a difficult choice concerning which dimension(s) they should emphasize in the management of their ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
When is differentiated integration (DI) of the European Union a source of autonomy and when is it a source of domination? Much depends on what collective goods member state democracies seek through integration. Club goods ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
How is the power of independent agencies legitimized? This is a central question in modern democratic societies. Earlier research has privileged technical expertise as the predominant source of legitimacy for such agencies. ...
Mimicry, Fragmentation, or Decoupling? Three Scenarios for the Control Function of EU Correspondents
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
In this article, we explore three possible scenarios for the role of EU correspondents in a post-pandemic media landscape that is marked not only by the mainstreaming of misinformation but also by an EU regulatory turn ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
This study analyses a particularly auspicious and seemingly thriving kind of democratic innovation in terms of its potential to deal with epistemic and democratic demands to policy-making at the same time. In focus are ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Figurative and extended uses of language are nonliteral utterances such as irony, sarcasm, and idioms and comprise a core part of social interaction. Children with typical development (TD) show a progressive adultlike ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This article aims to enrich the literature on EU sanctions in two ways. First, it argues that the absence of material sanctions does not imply a non‐response. When faced with human rights violations, policymakers enjoy a ...
Democracy at the EU level. Folly or Necessity? More work for a directly elected European Parliament?
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
It is often argued that the European Union needs legitimation by its Member State democracies. However, there is also a reverse dependence in which Member State democracies need some kind of European Union if they are to ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
This chapter suggests that the European Central Bank´s (ECB’s) changed role over the last 10 years can be conceptualized by three modes of crisis handling: Denial, Mission Creep, and Mission Leap. The ECB was never intended ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Abstract
As in nearly all European Union (EU) policy areas, scholars have turned to analysing the role of national parliaments, in addition to that of the European Parliament (EP), in trade politics. Yet, there is ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This article reflects on the discursive representation, legal, and practical challenges of locating, classifying, and publishing citizens’ views of the EU in digital media discourse. We start with the discursive representation ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
This paper aims to account for the EU’s role in multilateral negotiations at the UNGA by looking at the negotiations on the enhanced observer status. During the negotiation process, the EU experienced significant opposition ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
In this article, we argue for a pragmatic understanding of the role of news media and journalism not as truth keepers but as truth mediators in the public sphere. In the current debate on ‘post-truth politics’ the emphasis ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This article outlines an organisation theory approach to meta-governance by illustrating how public organisations may organise policy change and reform by (re-)designing organisational choice-architectures. First, it ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
The EU's power is expanding, calling for reassessments of its normative legitimacy. This article proposes a novel criterion for assessing the EU's legitimacy: symmetry in the delegation of power. We illustrate the usefulness ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
The common understanding of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has gone through a number of permutations since the first description in 1943. Throughout these shifting understandings, there have been a number of behaviors and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This article studies the hidden world of extraterritorial liaison officers, mid-level civil servants posted abroad whose agency influences UK visa implementation within a global framework. Specifically, we unpack their ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Literature on European security and defence cooperation usually asserts that differences in national security interests and security cultures prevent agreement beyond the “lowest common denominator”. I propose that it is ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This study carries two distinct contributions to extant litera-ture. Theoretically, it introduces an organizational approachto the study of public governance. Empirically, it demon-strates how the organizational architecture ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Providing policy solutions to solve across border societal challenges in Europe, such as electrifying the transport sector by facilitating a European battery industry, call for increased coordination among policy-makers. ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
This chapter asks three questions: To what degree has the European financial and debt crises spurred new policies and purposeful action toward improved financial stability regulation? Secondly, how can we theorize the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
The growing importance of executive authority at the international level has fuelled scholarly debate about the level of autonomy enjoyed by international public administration (IPA), that is, the executive arms of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Although international organisations (IOs) are created by governments, their international public administrations (IPAs) have succeeded in ring-fencing their resources, and policymaking from direct intervention by member ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Artikkelen presenterer etableringen, organiseringen og gjennomføring av ny forskningsinfrastruktur for norsk forvaltningsforskning. Norsk Forvaltningspanel (NFP) er en forskningsinfrastruktur etablert for å gjennomføre ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
This chapter studies decision-making behaviour of independent regulatory agencies. Theoretical accounts of delegation to regulatory agencies emphasise that losses of political accountability of regulators are traded off ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
In the European Union, non-compliance with EU law and uneven protection of rights may be caused by differentiated policy implementation, potentially creating a problem of legal certainty. A Norwegian ‘scandal’ caused by ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2023)
Effective procedural arrangements allow courts to reconcile conflicting demands of timely justice and sound legal argument. In the context of the European Union, conflict between these demands emerged most acutely in the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Denne artikkelen undersøker hvorvidt respondenter i norske fylkesadministrasjoner oppfatter at sentrale beslutninger influeres av eksterne aktører – gjennom vertikale relasjoner til sentraladministrative instanser og ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
To achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, much will depend on how governments implement future progression toward more ambitious climate policy. While there is research on the acceptance of international climate policy ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This article deals with the problem of the second best in a politically differentiated Europe. Drawing on Kant’s category of permissive law of public right, it establishes the missing link between ideal and nonideal theory ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
The Swedish Supreme Court (‘Högsta domstolen’) has existed since 1789 and in 1909 it was joined by the Supreme Administrative Court (‘Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen’). The function and role of the high courts in Swedish ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Abstract Against the background of an increasing dependency of governance on specialized expertise and growing calls for citizen participation, this study discusses solutions to the tension between knowledge and democracy. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
This article discusses the democratic implications of third country incorporation for the EU and for third countries. The more the EU transforms sovereignty in an open and inclusive manner, the greater the scope for third ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Orders are judicial decisions designed to shore up fair and timely resolution of disputes. As written, detailed, and factual documents, they are reliable markers of procedural steps and a unique source of information about ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Gjennom sin EU-tilknytning har Norge gått i integrasjonsfella. Landet har pådratt seg et betydelig demokratiproblem, som det er vanskelig å gjøre noe med innen eksisterende rammer. Det motsatte er tilfelle med EU. Nye ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Despite a widespread public support for wind energy in general, wind turbine proposals attract a considerable amount of public opposition. At a time of political commitments to building more wind turbines for climate risk ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
Artikkelen diskuterer muligheter og utfordringer knyttet til koordinering på tvers av styringsnivåer. Utfordringen er minst tredelt: Dels knyttet til balansen mellom kontinuitet og endring, nærmere bestemt evnen offentlig ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2022)
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) faces a growing backlog of cases and delays in administering justice. Identifying the factors that prolong the resolution of cases is critical for designing successful ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2023)
This article provides a conceptual clarification of the complementary relationship between teachers’ research literacy and their role-based agency. In many countries, teachers are increasingly expected to actively use and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2023)
Building on a growing literature assessing the societal impact of terrorism, this article analyzes whether and how a terror attack targeting public institutions affects civil servants in their day-to-day work. This is an ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
This paper contributes to an on-going exchange in political theory on the normative legitimacy of expert bodies. It focuses on epistemic worries about the expertisation of politics, and uses the Nordic system of advisory ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
When the member states of the European Union (EU) accepted the Defence and Security Procurement Directive, the expectation was that they would be able to retain a substantial amount of autonomy. During the implementation ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
In many countries, members of parliament receive publicly funded allowances to communicate with the electorate. Some hope that ensuing parliamentary communication engages the people with politics and increases electoral ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Epistemic democrats are rightly concerned with the quality of outcomes and judge democratic procedures in terms of their ability to ‘track the truth’. However, their impetus to assess ‘rule by experts’ and ‘rule by the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Recurrent claims of selective and inconsistent implementation of the European Union’s (EU) human rights clause questions the legitimacy basis of the Union’s human rights policy. If the EU’s actions do not match its rhetoric, ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Formålet med denne studien er å belyse departementsansattes rolle i europeisk flernivåforvaltning i tidsperioden 1996 til 2016. Studien argumenterer for at organisatoriske variabler på nasjonalt nivå er avgjørende for ...
(Research report / Forskningsrapport / PublishedVersion, 2018)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
In the run up to the 2014 European Parliament elections, the new Spitzenkandidaten process and European-wide party campaigns were considered a mechanism to create a more engaged European public. However, right-wing Eurosceptic ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
The increased authority delegated to independent agencies raises questions about the conditions of politically accountable governance, and specifically parliament’s role as a representative institution. Focusing on committee ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
The role of scientists as experts is crucial to public policymaking. However, the expert role is contested and unsettled in both public and scholarly discourse. In this paper, I provide a systematic account of the role of ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
There are differences across Europe in elements of climate citizenship, including climate concern, perceived responsibility, and willingness to support and take climate action. This paper examines how individual-level ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion, 2020)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This article defends a pure functionalist theory of territorial jurisdiction according to which a state’s moral right to rule over a territory rests on its present moral performance as a freedom‐enabling institutional ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This study traces the sweeping claim of a “scientisation” of EU governance, that is a growing authority of research-based knowledge within modern policymaking, by zooming in on the EU Commission’s expert group system, and ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This chapter investigates transnational solidarity action across the fields of unemployment, disability and immigration in Denmark. It discusses how solidarity is manifested and organised by civil society, focusing on 30 ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Litigation has long been a part of interest groups' lobbying tactics in the U.S. In Europe, by contrast, taking political conflicts to court has traditionally been viewed with skepticism. However, in the wake of an increasing ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Der Beitrag analysiert die Beteiligung an der Endlagersuche in Deutschland in Bezug auf ihre institutionellen Erfolgsbedingungen und demokratische Qualität. Im Zentrum steht die erste Phase der Endlagersuche, in der die ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This article explores how the appeal to depoliticized expertise worked to legitimize increased supervisory and executive power to the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Frontex, after the 2015 refugee crisis. Frontex ...
(Book / Bok / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2012)
A unique political animal, the European Union has given rise to important constitutional conundrums and paradoxes that John Erik Fossum and Agustín José Menéndez explore in detail in this book. The authors consider the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Migration is a topic that has frequently been present in political debates and the mass media in recent years, especially following the European and EU migration and refugee crisis. Newspaper debates in Norway presented ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2009)
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
The Lisbon Treaty gave the European Parliament extensive new powers and its consent is now required for the vast majority of EU international agreements. At the same time, national parliaments—and even regional ones—are ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Online media have transformed the political news landscapes, changing not only professional journalistic practices but also the way in which citizens participate in political communication. In the debate about the impact ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
This article contributes to the philosophical debate on values in science by exploring how scientists themselves understand the proper role of moral, political, and social values in expert practice. I present findings from ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2019)
Utgangspunktet for artikkelen er de utfordringer europeiske representative demokratier, og spesielt sentraladministrasjonen, står overfor. Diskusjoner om forvaltningens demokratiske kvalitet kan foregå innenfor en stabil ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Public organizations are subject to many kinds of control mechanisms and analysts worry that they often suffer from an “accountability overload.” This article argues that such diagnoses are typically set without an adequate ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2020)
Administrative reform policies cutting across several sectors are commonplace in the public sector. However, reform policies do not necessarily result in organizational change. This article examines intra-organizational ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2021)
Abstract
Security forces are one of the main targets of political violence. This paper examines the effect of their casualties on electoral outcomes. Between two general elections in 2015, Turkey experienced a series ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
The UN Beijing World Conference on Women in 1995 was a landmark event resulting in the famous Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action. In 2015, a review of the implementation of the 1995 Beijing agenda — Beijing 20 — ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
The European Union’s foreign and security policy is commonly described as an intergovernmental affair. Despite limited formal powers, several studies suggest that the European Parliament has increased its influence on the ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
How can we understand the role of secrecy in the making of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)? This article analyses the nature of secrecy and questions some of the main assumptions surrounding ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Expertise has been highlighted as a central source of power and legitimacy within the European Union system, and has been pointed to as one explanation of the relative influence of EU institutions in policy-making processes. ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
The question posed in this article is how to explain that the governance of secrecy in EU external relations varies. While the Common Foreign and Security Policy appears to retain its secretive character, the EU’s external ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / PublishedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
International institutions are proliferating over a wide range of issue areas, creating what have recently been described as regime complexes. More than complicated arrangements, regime complexes are structures: they are ...
(Journal article / Tidsskriftartikkel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2018)
Improving policy deliberation is a central objective for theEuropean Union's institutions. Focusing on the European Parlia-ment's committee hearings as an understudied area of Europeangovernance, we aim to understand their ...
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
This is an accepted version of a chapter in the book Towards Gendering Institutionalism, edited by Heather MacRae and Elaine Weiner. © 2017 Rowman & Littlefield International
(Chapter / Bokkapittel / AcceptedVersion; Peer reviewed, 2017)
Popular notions of democracy assume that citizens have policy preferences that can and should be reflected in public policy. Elections provide citizens with the opportunity to select representatives with whom they agree, ...