dc.date.accessioned | 2013-03-12T13:34:19Z | |
dc.date.available | 2013-03-12T13:34:19Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2007 | en_US |
dc.date.submitted | 2012-01-05 | en_US |
dc.identifier.citation | Carlsen, Tor. Are there any trees in the Arctic? Reconstruction of evolutionary histories in a young biome. Doktoravhandling, University of Oslo, 2007 | en_US |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10852/33226 | |
dc.description.abstract | Reconstructing molecular phylogenies and unraveling biogeographic histories of arctic plants are needed to obtain better insights
into the processes of evolution, dispersal and colonization in this young biome. Studies of dispersal into, and speciation
within, the Arctic are important to obtain better knowledge of the source areas for arctic biodiversity. Unraveling the history
of recently diverged lineages such as those typical for the young arctic biome is challenging, because it is difficult to find
molecular markers with sufficient variation and to handle the problem of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization. Thus
several different molecular marker systems for many potentially suitable model groups were tested and developed. Three genera
which are represented in Beringia (the Asian and American land masses surrounding the Bering Strait from Lena River to Mackenzie
River) and which have assumed phylogenetic connections to plants living in East Asia and North America were selected. Two of
these genera are also good candidates for studying polyploidization as a mode of speciation in the Arctic, as they show large
variation in chromosome number within and among the species. This study was also intended to contribute to the PanArctic Flora
project by providing data to help resolving the taxonomy of some challenging species complexes. <br>
- The history of the genus Smelowskia was reconstructed based on microsatellite loci combined with sequences of nuclear and
plastid regions. An Asian origin of the genus and two independent dispersal events into the Beringian and North American regions
were inferred. We also found evidence for merging the Beringian S. porsildii, S. spathulatifolia, and S. jurtzevii into one
species; S. porsildii.<br>
- The biogeography and phylogeny of the large genus Cardamine were inferred based on nuclear and plastid sequences. The
phylogenetic trees showed limited resolutions, supporting a hypothesis of recent and rapid speciation in the genus. We found
evidence for several extremely long-distant dispersal events. Dispersal into the Southern Hemisphere and the Arctic has occurred
repeatedly, and we identified at least three phylogenetically distinct arctic lineages. Polyploidization has occurred
independently many times during the evolution of Cardamine. Rapid divergence combined with widespread polyploidization offer an
explanation for the complex evolutionary history of the genus. Two species complexes within this genus were selected for more
detailed studies.<br>
- Six microsatellite loci originally developed for the Arabidopsis genome, were used to identify evolutionary and taxonomic units
within the Beringian Cardamine digitata aggregate. Molecular groups corresponding to morphological differences suggested
recognition of four species in this complex; C. blaisdellii, C. digitata, C. microphylla, and C. purpurea. Each species included
at least two ploidy levels, indicating recurrent polyploidizations.<br>
- As a first step towards addressing the origin of the circumarctic Cardamine bellidifolia,we conducted a study with main focus
on its two putatively most closely related European alpine species (C. alpina and C. resedifolia) using AFLPs. Surprisingly, the
arctic species C. bellidifolia was distinctly differentiated from its putative alpine ancestral lineages.<br>
Contrasting phylogeographies were inferred between the two alpine species C. alpina and C. resedifolia. A high degree of genetic
distinction was found between the Alpine and Pyreneean populations of C. alpina. In addition, a high level of diversity was found
within Pyreneean populations compared to Alpine populations. In contrast, C. resedifolia showed more genetic variation among
populations in the Alps than between the Alps and distant areas such as Corsica, the Carpatians and the Pyrenees. These results
show that the two species have very different histories of glacial survival and recolonization.<br>
- To facilitate these and future studies of recently diverged taxa, we developed 72 new microsatellite loci and tested 15
previously published loci for the Brassicaceae. We found them to provide variation among and within three distantly related
genera: Cardamine, Smelowskia, and Draba. Of these 87 loci, 18 were variable within Cardamine, while ten were variable within
Smelowskia. Seventy-one of these primers were variable within Draba, and 50 were variable within Draba nivalis. The markers
amplifying across these genera are potentially suitable for studying other genera in Brassicaceae as well.<br>
- A phylogeographic analysis of Cassiope tetragona including both Central Asian and Beringian relatives revealed that the
circumpolar ssp. tetragona was well separated from the North American ssp. saximontana. A Beringian origin of C. tetragona ssp.
tetragona was inferred, and the levels and geographical patterns of differentiation and gene diversity suggested that the latest
expansion from Beringia into the Circumarctic was recent, possibly during the current interglacial. The results were in
accordance with a recent leading-edge mode of colonization, particularly towards the east throughout Canada/Greenland and across
the North Atlantic into Scandinavia and Svalbard. | eng |
dc.language.iso | eng | en_US |
dc.relation.haspart | I - Carlsen T., Elven R., and Brochmann C. Combined data from microsatellites and DNA sequences resolves the evolutionary history of Beringian Smelowskia (Brassicaceae). Manuscript. Published as The evolutionary history of Beringian Smelowskia (Brassicaceae) inferred from combined microsatellite and DNA sequence data. Taxon 59 (2), 427-438 (2010) | |
dc.relation.haspart | II - Carlsen T., Bleeker W., Hurka H., Elven R., and Brochmann C. Biogeography and phylogeny of Cardamine (Brassicaceae). Submitted. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 96(2), 215-236 (2009). The published version of this paper is available at: https://doi.org/10.3417/2007047 | |
dc.relation.haspart | III - Jørgensen M.H., Carlsen T., Skrede I., and Elven R. Microsatellites resolve the taxonomy of the polyploid Cardamine digitata aggregate (Brassicaceae). Submitted. Taxon 57(3), 882-892 (2008) | |
dc.relation.haspart | IV – Lihova J.C., Carlsen T., Marhold, K. Contrasting phylogeographies inferred for two alpine sister species, Cardamine resedifolia and C. alpina. Manuscript. Journal of biogeography 36(1) 104-120 (2009). The published version of this paper is available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01998.x | |
dc.relation.haspart | V - Skrede I., Carlsen T., Rieseberg L.H., and Brochmann C. Microsatellites for three distantly related genera in the Brassicaceae. Submitted. Conservation Genetics 10(3), 643-648 (2009). The published version of this paper is available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9598-x | |
dc.relation.haspart | VI - Eidesen P.B., Carlsen T., Molau U., and Brochmann C. (2007) Repeatedly out of Beringia: Cassiope tetragona embraces the Arctic. Journal of Biogeography, 34, 1559–1574. The paper is removed from the thesis in DUO due to publisher restrictions. The published version is available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01719.x | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.3417/2007047 | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01998.x | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-008-9598-x | |
dc.relation.uri | https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01719.x | |
dc.title | Are there any trees in the Arctic? Reconstruction of evolutionary histories in a young biome | en_US |
dc.type | Doctoral thesis | en_US |
dc.date.updated | 2012-02-23 | en_US |
dc.creator.author | Carlsen, Tor | en_US |
dc.subject.nsi | VDP::480 | en_US |
cristin.unitcode | 280100 | en_US |
cristin.unitname | Naturhistoriske museum | en_US |
dc.identifier.bibliographiccitation | info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft.au=Carlsen, Tor&rft.title=Are there any trees in the Arctic? Reconstruction of evolutionary histories in a young biome&rft.inst=University of Oslo&rft.date=2007&rft.degree=Doktoravhandling | en_US |
dc.identifier.urn | URN:NBN:no-30103 | en_US |
dc.type.document | Doktoravhandling | en_US |
dc.identifier.duo | 148495 | en_US |
dc.contributor.supervisor | Reidar Elven, Christian Brochmann | en_US |
dc.identifier.bibsys | 120388987 | en_US |
dc.identifier.fulltext | Fulltext https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/33226/2/thesis-TorCarlsen.pdf | |