From the South Pole to history books. The changing reputations of British and Norwegian explorer-heroes

Abstract

Abstract This master thesis delves into the evolution of heroic narratives surrounding Antarctic explorers in Britain and Norway during the Heroic Age of exploration. The term ‘Heroic Age’ is a popular, collective term understood to cover sixteen scientific and geographical expeditions conducted by European countries between 1895 and 1922. In Britain, exploration heroes played an important role in shaping cultural narratives, evolving from scientific figures to embodiments of sacrifice during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Heroic Age witnessed a shift in the perception of explorers, influenced by war and changing societal attitudes towards heroism. The celebration of heroic failure emerged as a counter-narrative, providing a nuanced view of imperial rule.In Norway, the Heroic Age left a lasting legacy. During this time there came a major shift in national identity, politics, and culture. The exploits of polar heroes, particularly Fridtjof Nansen, transcended exploration, shaping Norwegian views on sports and nation-building. This era marked Norway's emergence as a polar power and a polar nation, shaping its identity on the international stage. During and after this period, reputations of Scott and Amundsen (and other explorers) underwent transformations. Scott, initially hailed as a naval hero and martyr, faced a decline in reputation post-World War I, fueled by critical biographies emphasizing leadership flaws. Ernest Shackleton's rise in the latter part of the 20th century reflected a cultural preference for resilience and effective leadership. Amundsen, once celebrated for efficient planning, faced scrutiny for prioritizing showmanship over scientific endeavors. This thesis provides a historiographic study of polar heroes, who have revealed themselves to be dynamic entities, shaped by cultural contexts, biographies, and evolving societal preferences. Scott's decline and Amundsen's reassessment mirror changing perceptions of heroism and leadership. Shackleton's rise signifies a cultural shift towards valuing camaraderie and survival skills. Nansen's enduring legacy highlights recognition of a nation-building explorer.